The Islamic communication

The Islamic communication Overview of the Theory: The theory basically points out the defects that are present in the existing theories of media and communications, they being predominantly western and secular in their approach have certain inconsistencies when applied in the Islamic world. It talks about the establishment of a professional association of Muslim journalists to give the Islamic world a voice that they consider to be appropriate in the media. Fundamentally the Islamic view of the world is based on five principles of (1) tawhid, (2) amrbi al-maruf wa nahyan al munkar, (3) ummah, (4) taqwa, and (5) amanat which are also explained in the theory. These five principles are not only the basic governing and guiding factor based on faith for the common Muslims but also for an Islamic state and hence will also be the elements that if an establishment of Muslims journalists is formed will use. The theory also then explains how the Muslim state or the Ummah is different from the present understanding of a nation state or politic al entity in the western world. From an Islamic perspective, therefore, this theory concludes that linguistic and political vocabularies and concepts, now at the centre of global politics, both celebrate the arrival of a new communication age and hold the key to ultimate information control (Mowlana, 2007). The Principles of an Islamic State and Media Theory Tawhid (Faith) Tawhid or faith as understood in the literal sense of the word implies the same thing in Islam. Even though the term has a deeper meaning than the regular interpretation. Tawhid in Islam means the acceptance of the Oneness of God. This implies in the religious context that there is no other power capable of doing anything without the will of God and hence it mandates the total submission of will to God. Since Islam is not just a religion, but an entire way of life. What this basically means is that, the spiritual aspects of the religion are not separate from the social, political, economic as well as personal aspects of a persons life. Hence, while in some other religions, which are classified as spiritual and a separation between the religious aspect of life and all the others can be established, in Islam it cannot be so. A Muslim is not considered a Muslim if he just following the spiritual aspect and not the social, economic and political aspects of the religion. It stands for the necessity of exclusive servitude to God, and it negates any communication and messages, intellectual, cultural, economic, or political, that subjugates humankind to creatures. The principle of Tawhid also negates any right of sovereignty and guardianship of anyone over human society except God. Society can be expected to be free from all deviations and excesses only when the affairs of society are delegated by a Power Transcendental to an individual or a council of rulers, with a power commensurate with responsibilities within the Islamic legal framework. Thus, all man-made laws and ethical codes that arrogate judgment to them, or to any authority or institution other than in obedience or enforcement of Allahs Own Judgment, are void. Therefore, all man-made laws, communication contents, mass media, and public forums that attempt to put restraints upon Allahs sovereignty must be void. Under the principle of Tawhid, another fundamental ethical consideration in tabligh becomes clear: the destruction of thought structures based on dualism, racialism, tribalism, and familial superiority. The function of communication order in Islamic society, according to the principle, is to break idols, to break the dependence on the outsiders, and to set the ummah or community in motion toward the future. Thus, one of the important functions of tabligh is to destroy myths. In our contemporary world, these myths may include power, progress, and modernization. Personalities as they represent these must not be super-humanized and super-defined. One of this dualism, according to this principle, is the secular notion of the separation of religion and politics. (Mowlana, 2007). Amr bi al-maruf wa nahyan al munkar A second principle guiding the ethical boundaries of tabligh in Islam is the doctrine of amr bi al-maruf wa nahyan al munkar or commanding to the right and prohibiting from the wrong. Implicit and explicit in this principle is the notion of individual and group responsibility for preparing the succeeding generation to accept the Islamic precepts and make use of them. Muslims have the responsibility of guiding one another, and each generation has the responsibility of guiding the next. The Quranic verse explains this: Call people to the path of your Lord with wisdom and mild exhortation. Reason with them in the most courteous manner. Your Lord best knows those who stray from His path and best knows those who are rightly guided (16:125). These points out the responsibilities of Muslims in guiding each other, especially those individuals and institutions that are charged with the responsibilities of leadership and propagation of Islamic ideals. This includes all the institutions of soci al communication such as the press, radio, television, and cinema, as well as the individual citizens of each community. Thus, a special concept of social responsibility theory is designed around the ethical doctrine of commanding to the right and prohibiting from the wrong. This concept has taken on an extra dimension of its own in the Islamic communities and societies through history since Islam as an all-inclusive systematic religion is an interrelated set of ideas and realities covering the entire area of human notion and action, beliefs and practices, thought, word, and deed. This is particularly important in light of the fact that Islam is not only a set of theological propositions, as are many other religions, but is also a set of comprehensive legal frameworks that govern every action of the individual in society and in the world at large (Mowlana, 2007). Ummah (Community) A third fundamental concept in determining the nature and boundaries of tabligh and that of social ethics, particularly as it might relate to the political life of the individual and Islamic society, is ummah or community. The concept of ummah transcends national borders and political boundaries. Islamic community transcends the notion of the modern nation-state system: an Islamic community is a religio-economic concept and is only present when it is nourished and governed by Islam. The notion of community in Islam makes no sharp distinction between public and private; therefore, what is required of the community at large is likewise required of every individual member. Accordingly, the ummah must be exemplary, setting the highest standards of performance and the reference point for others. In the Islamic ummah, the sovereignty of the state belongs to God, and not to the ruler nor even to the people themselves. The ruler or leaders are only acting executives chosen by the people to serve them according to the Law of Islam and the concept of Tawhid. Under the ummah, Islam has a new concept of community. One of the most important aspects of ummah is that Islam does not differentiate between the individuals as members of its community. Race, ethnicity, tribalism, nationalism, have no place to distinguish one member of the community from the rest. Nationalities, cultural differences, and geographical factors are recognized, but domination based on nationality is rejected. It is the individual and its relations to the community that is valued; however, this relationship alone is not the sole purpose in itself, both the individual and society must make their relationship clear to God: Are the individuals in society against God or under God? Taqwa (piety) A fourth principle outlined here to explain the ethical framework of journalism in Islamic societies is the concept of Taqwa or, roughly translated, piety. In Islamic societies, Taqwa is commonly used in reference to individual fear of God and the ability to guard oneself against the unethical forces which might surrender the environment; however, the concept of Taqwa goes beyond this common notion of piety. It is the individual, spiritual, moral, ethical, and psychological capacity to raise oneself to that higher level, which makes a person almost immune from the excessive material desires of the world, elevating the individual to a higher level of prophetic self-consciousness. The assumption is that human beings possess in their nature a set of divine elements which are other than the material constituents that exist in animals, plants, and inanimate objects. Human beings are endowed with innate greatness and dignity. Recognizing that freedom of choice is a condition for the fulfilment of obligation, the person is held responsible to perform his or her obligations within the Islamic framework of ethics. In short, it is recognized that human beings perform some of their actions only under the influence of a series of ethical emotions rather than with an intention of gaining a benefit or of repelling harm. Thus, as a virtue and as an important element in the ethical framework of Islamic communication both on the individual and community levels, Taqwa should be the underpinning ingredient in almost every action of a Muslim. Amanat (Responsibility) The fifth and final principle outlined in this article is the concept of Amanat. The term Amanat signifies great responsibility which the Almighty God has imposed on the human being for his or her deeds in this world. The most relevant view of this concept as it may apply to the conduct of the press and the media is that Amanat refers to Divine Vicegerency for which human beings alone are fit and none else can share this honour with him. The Holy Quran says: Surely, we offered the Amanat into the heavens and the earth and the hills, but they refused to hear it and were afraid of it, and man took it up. Verily, he (human beings) as unjust and ignorant (xxxiii: 72). Thus, human beings fitness for Divine Vicegerange is lower, conditioned by the fact that he or she must practice the lofty code morality which brings him or her to the Supreme Being. Off all the created beings, human beings are certainly the best and noblest (Ashraf-ul-makhlughat). Here, it may be noted that rights and obligations are interdependent. Serving the public interest, therefore, becomes one of the principal ethical duties of the media. Amanat means obligatory duties (faraiz). One aspect of Amanat is that is can only be given to one who has the capability and power to shoulder the burden of its responsibilities and fulfil the commandments of Allah. Thus, in Islam, real progress of moral and not just material, for the latter refers to the transitory things of life. The liberty in Islam has quite a different meaning from that understood in the West. It is neither a prerogative nor an absolute right of the individual. Hamid Mowlanas Take on Communication A number of studies on international communication over the last several decades reveal two essential characteristics. One is the ethnocentric orientation of mass communication systems of the highly developed and industrialized nations, and the second is the asymmetric circulation of information in the world. These two characteristics dominate the world mass media system and indeed are responsible for uneven treatment of events, imbalances in news and information, and also the unequal distribution of power in the world system. It is precisely here that a need for professional code of ethics among Muslim journalists around the world seems imperative, and their creation of a network of professional world associations both timely and inevitable. From the Islamic Revolution in Iran to the occupation of Afghanistan by the former Soviet Union, from the Persian Gulf War to the American invasion of Iraq, the last two decades have witnessed profound and worldwide revolutionary movements of an Islamic nature as well as systematic and continuous conflicts which have embraced Muslim lands. The developments in the Islamic world not only have been reported during this period with a good deal of bias, distortion, and ethnocentrism by non-Muslim media but also the great portion of what has been reported has been provided mainly by the Western media and journalists. Research shows that 99 per cent of world events do not come to the attention of readers simply because they are eliminated and considered as unimportant or irrelevant by the media. The Islamic world, in particular, has been on the receiving end of a good share of this modus operandi. A cursory look at the list of existing media and journalist associations around the world quickly shows how the media are organized and mobilized on the basis of nationality, regionalism, ethnicity, and even religious premises and are among the most active nongovernmental organizations around the world. Yet, remarkably, today, there are no professional associations of Islamic journalists which can set professional and ethical criteria for news reporting, protect the rights of individual Muslim journalists, and promote education and training of young men and women who represent a major source of human resources for Islamic culture and civilization. Why should there be an organization of Muslim journalists? Islam is not only a religion but also a total way of life for millions of people around the world. Unlike other major cultural systems, Islam transcends geographical as well as racial and ethnic boundaries and strives for universality of human kind. In short, the socio-cultural elements inherent in and among the Islamic community, ummah, provide a common ground and outline a necessity for the type of news reporting that is vital to understanding events in the world community. Such a network of Muslim journalist and media associations and professional organizations also can play an important role as vanguards and promoters of professional aims within the existing systems of international organizations. A network of professional associations, thus, not only can enhance the exchange of information among and between various geographical areas known as the Islamic world but also can stimulate the ongoing mobilization of journalists and their common interests. Principles of the Association It must be recalled that news values in the Islamic world differ considerably from the general news values in the non-Islamic world and, more specifically, the West. For example, take the concept of so-called hard news common in the Western media with its five Ws syndrome of what, when, where, why, and who which is promoted as universal. The real problem is that the recipient of such five Ws news never is allowed to conceive of news as a whole but only in fragments because the structure of the whole is at odds with what is considered hard facts. The priorities given to news values in the West, such as human interests, proximity, novelty, consequence, and prominence, are totally different from those valued in Islamic contexts. For example, the notion of proximity in the Western media primarily is a geographical as well as spatial concept. To apply this concept, in its orthodox sense, to the Islamic world would eliminate news coming from distant places such as Indonesia, China, Africa, or Latin America when the media and its audiences are located somewhere in the United States or the Middle East. Proximity in an Islamic context is neither geographical nor spatial but rather cultural-that is to say, events of the Islamic community of ummah are and must be relevant to the entire Muslim world regardless of nationalities and countries. The factors of human interest or prominence are by themselves not adequate justification for reporting of news in the Islamic context. News and information for the ummah are social commodities and not cultural industries. Analysis of the Propositions Even though the idea of having a unified singular association of Muslim journalists as proposed by Hamid Mowlana does seem appealing, there are certain points which if not taken into context can result in more chaos and instability than the pre-existing conditions. Mowlana emphasis the establishment of the association on the basis of Islam however, he fails to mention which form of Islam that is being followed currently will be the guiding factor for this association. Since it is pretty clear that there are more than 70 different sects of Islam currently being followed in the world and mostly the political scenarios are shaped by them, it will be difficult to come to a consensus. Since this is a matter of religion, it will be going against Ones faith if any of the principles are compromised upon. The predominant clash can be seen between the Shia and the Sunni. And we can see the problems that are happening on the political scenario in Iraq due to this very difference. Also, then there are variation of within the Sunnis and the Shias. This problem as he proposes can be taken care of by establishing it on the basis of the Quran and the Sunnah. That however, will also leave us with at least five different interpretations of Islam. Which can be se en in his own works Although the official religion of Iran is Islam and the Twelver Jfari school of Shia thought, other Islamic schools of thought, including the Hanafi, Shafii, Maliki, and Yazdi schools, are to be accorded full respect, and their followers are free to act in accordance with their own jurisprudence in performing their religious devotions. (Mowlana, 1996: 175) Another important issue that Mowlana has not tackled properly in his theory is the various cultural differences that are there due to the geo-political scattering of the Muslims. Since by its very nature the association will be established to cater the need of the Muslim population throughout the globe, it is necessary to take into account the differences that are there in the Muslim world. Perhaps the closest we have to anything called a Muslim news network is Al Jazira, and I say close as it is also primarily not a Muslim news organization, we can see that it also again focuses on the issues that are there at the core of the Arab population and hence is not directly catering to the needs of the Muslims in the world. How he proposes to solve such a problem is not clear in any of his works. With the other parts of the theory of Mowlana that there should be an Islamic view of communication is what I agree with. Since, as explained above the Islamic community is an Ummah and unlike other religions Islam is a complete way of life. Conclusions With a few reservations that I have to the theory of Mowlana and those are also with the establishement of the association of the journalists that he proposes. I also feel that perhaps taking the Islamic point of view on communication and especially the differentiation between Tabligh and Propoganda is necessary for the world that we are living in. We are currently facing a crisis as to where Islam is being targeted as a religion that is one of the primary reasons for the absence of peace in the world and hence it is necessary that we show the Muslim perspective on the various events occurring in the world. References Khiabany, Gholam (2003) De-westernizing Media Theory, or Reverse Orientalism: `Islamic Communication as Theorized by Hamid Mowlana, Media Culture Society 2003; 25; 415 Mowlana, Hamid (1979) Technology versus Tradition: Communication in the Iranian Revolution, Journal of Communication 29(3): 107-12. Mowlana, Hamid (1989) The Islamization of Iranian Television, Intermedia 7(5): 35-9. Mowlana, Hamid (1993) The New Global Order and Cultural Ecology, Media, Culture Society 15(1): 9-27. Mowlana, Hamid (1996) Global Communication in Transition: The end of Diversity? Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Mowlana, Hamid (2007) Theoretical Perspectives on Islam and Communication, China Media Research, 3(4), 2007 Mowlana, Hamid (1997) Islamicising the Media in a Global Era: The State- Community Perspective in Iranian Broadcasting, in Kevin Robins (ed.) Programming for People: From Cultural Rights to Cultural Responsibilities. United Nations Television Forum, New York, 19-21 November. Report presented by RAI-Radiotelevisione Italiana. Mowlana, Hamid and Laurie Wilson (1990) The Passing of Modernity. London: Longman.

Ketchup campaign seeks to expand ketchup

The message ‘ketchup zaroori' is aimed at communicating the same. We have not Just said ‘ketchup zaroorl', we have said ‘National Ketchup zaroorl' hence our campaign Is not promoting the category but the National Ketchup brand specifically. † On promoting the 100g sachet to end consumers: â€Å"We have had the 100g sachet for a long time but have never promoted it before. Our sachet SKUs (log and 100g) are generally used and distributed by hotels, estaurants and fast food chains.However we want to encourage impulse buying for this SKU and thus promoted it to the general consumer. Showing this SKU in the lunch boxes of kids is based on the insights we gathered from a LJ&A study we conducted across Pakistan whereby we learned that mothers often put these sachets in their kids' lunch boxes. † On out of home and inside home ketchup consumption habits: â€Å"The sachet SKUs are generally consumed out of home as they are easy to carry on the go. The bottle a nd pouch are consumed inside the home and often in arty and dinner settings. A word from the agency – Umair Shams, Account Manager, IAL Saatchi ; Saatchi On changing consumer behaviour for ketchup: â€Å"There Is a simple consumer truth In this category: Pakistanis are obsessed with condiments. However, tnere Is a speclTlc conolmenvsauce tnat goes wltn eacn T example imli chutney is consumed with dahl baray, zeera raita with pulao etc. We wanted the Pakistani consumer to make an exception when it comes to National Ketchup and pour it on anything and everything.Therefore, National Ketchup being the market leader has attempted to expand the usage and frequency of ketchup by showing a variety of snacks and foods that ketchup can be consumed with. The strategy was to show that ketchup is one versatile condiment, and when it's National Ketchup, there really are no rules. † On the campaign Jingle: â€Å"The Jingle is composed and sung by Shula Hyder from Speed of Sound. Hyd er has developed great music for National Foods over the years which includes AaJ Yeh Kounsa Mehmaan Aaya and Rung Bharti Jao. â€Å"

The Diversity Of The Media - 1418 Words

As America grows as a nation, the media must grow with us; our country is encapsulated in sites such as Twitter and Facebook and we hold access to millions of channels on the television. My generation has the world at our fingertips and with that comes knowledge, discussion, and awareness. A common dispute among my peers is the lack of representation of different races and orientations in our white-washed heterosexual cisgender media. Thousands have spoken on this issue, taking different approaches and bringing different examples to discuss the need for diversity in the media. Diversity and representation is necessary in the media to eliminate unrealistic expectations, racism, and misunderstood cultural awareness. Modern racism, although†¦show more content†¦Modern Family, a show broadcasted on ABC Network, is filled with these stereotypes. Gloria is a young, beautiful Latina woman with a heavy accent and sultry, yet stupid, personality. She is married to Jay, an old rich wh ite man. She originally lived in a poor and crime-filled village and is evidently used to doing manual labor. Her husband mentions in the program that she had been wanted for many different misconducts and that she had been deported twice. Quite often, Gloria gets flustered and explodes on loud, emotional rants where she mixes Spanish, English, and an angry tone, used to play for laughs and incomprehensibility. A sample of students, after viewing a clip of Gloria on a rant, all replied that they â€Å"could not understand what [she] was saying† and that they feel this portrayal â€Å"makes people assume things and prejudge others†(Schrarrer, Ramasubramanian, pp. 181). This cultural profiling is inspiring â€Å"negative and narrow media depictions of social groups† making it seem as if all Latinas are illegal immigrants who must be blue collar workers that poorly speak English. Similarly to the effect brought from Dance Moms, young Latinas are rushed to believe they must have strong physical labor skills and they are most likely to get in trouble with the law. Gloria and Nia’s situations both make the people watching feel like they must confine to a certain way of thinking orShow MoreRelatedMedia and Diversity532 Words   |  2 PagesDiversity in media has been a topic of concerns for years now. The diversity across all areas of media has seen significant change from that of the 50’s and 60’s. Comparatively, media representation has seen somewhat of a golden age in regards to diversity. Unfortunately, despite the progress we have made as a nation, we still have a ways to go in regards to properly diversifying our various forms of media. There are a few ways in which we can begin to diversify the how media is produced and wellRead MoreThe Diversity Of The Australian Media1225 Words   |  5 PagesThe media has always played a pivotal role in providing information regarding anything that’s happening around in the world. However, the Australian media seems to have lacked at various aspects when it comes to matte rs regarding the representation of the Indigenous Australia. The Australian media has always managed to focus on the amazing wilderness that surrounds Indigenous Australia but rarely has there been any detailed curiosity relating to their culture and history. Aboriginal History is beingRead MoreCultural Differences And Diversity Of The Australian Media1490 Words   |  6 PagesThe Australian media plays a prominent role in influencing the way society makes sense of the world and its relations with others through portraying certain dominant discourses of politics, cultures and current affairs. 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Shirley Jacksons The Lottery - 572 Words

Shirley Jacksons The Lottery Shirley Jacksons The Lottery is an excellent example of an allegorical short story. In this story, the reader learns of a towns lottery that takes place once a year, every year. It has been a tradition in this small rural town for many years and the villagers never question these activities, they just blindly go along with it. But what the reader doesnt know is just what kind of prize the winner is going to obtain. Jacksons use of symbolism is shown through the description of the characters, significant objects, and the actions in the story. These elements are used to represent the death that is associated with the lottery. The first allegorical use is seen through the description†¦show more content†¦All of the blackness makes the reader think of death and evil. The family which draws the black dot on the paper is the family marked for death. The slips of paper are held in a black box which signifies the horrible outcome. Everything that is terrible and evil is shown through the color black. If someone gets the color black, then they are going to die. Its Hutchinson. Its Bill. (236) Everyone in the village knows whats to come for the Hutchinson family. The actions involved with the lottery are symbolic also. At the beginning of the story the reader learns that the children are gathering stones into a big pile. This represents just how unconscious their actions are. The village is blind to its own motives. Tessie was fine with the lottery until it was she who was the chosen one. Tessie becomes the scapegoat for the village. She is a symbol of disobedience and the other villagers must stone her to death to stop further outbreaks of rebellion against the lottery. They are unable to articulate their rebellion because the massive force of ideology stands in their way. Although the villagers had forgotten the ritual and lost the original black box, they still remembered to use stones. (238) The tradition is so old that all they care about is stoning the victim without thinking about how evil the tradition really is. The Lottery is very allegorical in every sense. After reading this shortShow MoreRelatedShirley Jacksons The Lottery736 Words   |  3 Pagesjudge a book by its cover† could not be truer than with Shirley Jackson’s short story, â€Å"The Lottery†. Jackson’s title for the short story is in fact ironic leading the reading to assume the story to be cheerful and jolly, an assumption that could not be more wrong. â€Å"The Lottery† is about an annual lottery draw in a small town in New England. A tradition that has continued to be practiced for seventy years by the townspeople. 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To that end, she creates a world that is itself wholly symbolic, even as there are smaller elements of symbolism within it. She also develops suspense based very much on the expansive symbolism of the environment. In â€Å"The Lottery,† Jackson gives evidence of how symbolism may be utilized to make aRead More Shirley Jacksons The Lottery Essay947 Words   |  4 PagesShirley Jacksons The Lottery   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The setting in a story helps to form the story and it makes the characters become more interesting. There are three main types of setting. The first is nature and the outdoors, second is objects of human manufacture and construction and the third is cultural conditions and assumptions. These three things help the reader to understand the characters better in Shirley Jacksons The Lottery;.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Lottery; is started out by being described as TheRead MoreIrony In Shirley Jacksons The Lottery863 Words   |  4 PagesCaleigh Bishop English 101 October 10, 2017 Formal Essay I The Many Instances of Irony in â€Å"The Lottery† In Shirley Jackson’s short story â€Å"The Lottery,† she uses many examples of irony. Irony is the use of words that are the opposite of their usual meaning or what is expected to happen. The use of irony plays an important role in delivering Jackson’s sarcasm. The author holds our attention all throughout the story and builds our suspense by using irony with the characters and events that take placeRead MoreAnalysis Of Shirley Jacksons The Lottery954 Words   |  4 Pagesthe authors message. Shirley Jackson’s â€Å"The Lottery† displays a masterful usage of literary elements to better convey Jackson’s general purpose, such as through the deep symbolism and underlying theme; however, Jackson’s true provocation of emotion is accomplished through her quintessential use of point of view. The objective point of view is indispensable within â€Å"The Lottery† because of the creation of suspense, drama, and irony. To begin with, the first reason why Jackson’s objective point of viewRead MoreAnalysis of Shirley Jacksons The Lottery490 Words   |  2 Pages In Shirley Jackson’s â€Å"The Lottery,† the theme of the story is dramatically illustrated by Jackson’s unique tone. Once a year the villagers gather together in the central square for the lottery. The villagers await the arrival of Mr. Summers and the black box. Within the black box are folded slips of paper, one piece having a black dot on it. All the villagers then draw a piece of paper out of the box. Whoever gets the paper with the black dot wins. Tessie Hutchinson wins the lottery! Everyone thenRead MoreAnalysis Of Shirley Jacksons The Lottery1303 Words   |  6 Pagespowerful force (qtd. in AZQuotes). In Shirley Jacksons chilling story The Lottery, a town celebrates a special custom of stoning people to death every year. Jackson perfectly depicts a possible event that may occur from blindly following tra dition without evaluating the purpose or usefulness of it in the first place. Jackson’s use of plot, theme, and symbolism reveal the evil reality of blind faith, tradition, and their consequences. Initially, Jackson’s twisted plot reveals the infinite, viciousRead MoreResearch Paper on Shirley Jacksons â€Å"The Lottery†1141 Words   |  5 PagesShirley Jacksons â€Å"The Lottery† is a short story about the annual gathering of the villagers to conduct an ancient ritual. The ritual ends in the stoning of one of the residents of this small village. This murder functions under the guise of a sacrament that, at one time, served the purpose of ensuring a bountiful harvest. This original meaning, however, is lost over the years and generations of villagers. The loss of meaning has changed the nature and overall purpose of the lottery. This ritualRead MoreAnalysis of Shirley Jacksons The Lottery Essay776 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"The Lottery† is a short story by Shirley Jackson, first published on June 26, 1948. The story was initially met with negative critical reception due to its violent nature and portrayal of the potentially dangerous nature o f human society. It was even banned in some countries. However, â€Å"The Lottery† is now widely accepted as a classic American short story and is used in classrooms throughout the country. Jackson’s story takes a critical look at what can result when the customs and laws that govern

The Genesis Of The Islam - 1859 Words

The genesis of the Islam reveals areto the liberal and humanistic origin of the Islam in East Bengal. But this liberal-humanistic the Islam has turned into the Political Islam mainly due to three major regressive a transformations associated with to the emergence within the religious doctrine-based on Pakistan State (in 1947), failure to the punish war criminals (in the 1971 War of Independence) and legitimisation to the communalism by secularism with Islam as the state religion. The Constitution (EightAmendment 1988). The failure of the State are satisfying to the basic needs of the people, growingcriminalisation to the economy and politics, growing inequality to society, increasing youth unemployment, the communalisation of culture and the education, lack of peoples the are main-stream political (democratic) leadership, external environment—all contributed of growth Islamist extremism in Bangladesh. Religious fundamentalism, to the process, has gained momentum shape o rganisedof Political Islam, which are intends to capture the state power by force. The religious fundamentalist forces have successfully with assimilated of religion with reality are pursuing their of capturing state power to using religion a pretext through the well-organised economic power-based the political process. the fundamentalists have created to an economy within the economy, and the state. Economics of the Fundamentalism — Essence and Linkages: The term are fundamentalism are theShow MoreRelatedEssay about Hebrew Wisdom on Diligence and Laziness934 Words   |  4 PagesCritical Thinking Assignment Part I 1) I chose the Islam worldview i)The Question of Origin-- Islams believe that man came into being through a long process of evolution. They believe the evolutionary process which produced man in its form today took millions of years, and man evolved from lower forms of animal life. 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The Short Second Life of Bree Tanner Chapters 8 Free Essays

â€Å"I think we should fol ow Riley. Find out what he’s doing.† I stared. We will write a custom essay sample on The Short Second Life of Bree Tanner Chapters 8 or any similar topic only for you Order Now â€Å"But he’l know we tracked him. He’l catch our scents.† â€Å"I know. This is how I figure it. I fol ow his scent. You keep clear by a few hundred yards and fol ow my sound. Then Riley only knows I fol owed him, and I can tel him it’s because I had something important to share. That’s when I do the big reveal with the disco bal effect. And I’l see what he says.† His eyes narrowed as he examined me. â€Å"But you†¦ you just play it close to the chest for now, okay? I’l tel you if he’s cool about it.† â€Å"What if he comes back early from wherever he’s going? Don’t you want it to be close to dawn so you can glitter?† â€Å"Yes†¦ that’s definitely a possible problem. And it might affect the way the conversation goes. But I think we should risk it. He seemed like he was in a hurry tonight, didn’t he? Like maybe he needs al night for whatever he’s doing?† â€Å"Maybe. Or maybe he was just in a big hurry to see her. You know, we might not want to surprise him if she’s nearby.† We both winced. â€Å"True. Stil †¦Ã¢â‚¬  He frowned. â€Å"Doesn’t it feel like whatever’s coming is getting close? Like we might not have forever to figure this out?† I nodded unhappily. â€Å"Yeah, it does.† â€Å"So let’s take our chances. Riley trusts me, and I have a good reason for wanting to talk to him.† I thought about this strategy. Though I’d only known him for a day, real y, I was stil aware that this level of paranoia was out of character for Diego. â€Å"This elaborate plan of yours†¦,† I said. â€Å"What about it?† he asked. â€Å"It sounds kind of like a solo plan. Not so much a club adventure. At least, not when it comes to the dangerous part.† He made a face that told me I’d caught him. â€Å"This is my idea. I’m the one who†¦Ã¢â‚¬  He hesitated, having trouble with the next word. â€Å"†¦ trusts Riley. I’m the only one who’s going to risk getting on his bad side if I’m wrong.† Chicken as I was, this didn’t fly with me. â€Å"Clubs don’t work that way.† He nodded, his expression unclear. â€Å"Okay, we’l think about it as we go.† I didn’t think he real y meant it. â€Å"Stay in the trees, track me from above, ‘kay?† he said. â€Å"Okay.† He headed back toward the log cabin, moving fast. I fol owed through the branches, most of them so close-packed that I only rarely had to real y leap from one tree to another. I kept my movements as smal as possible, hoping that the bending of the boughs under my weight would just look like wind. It was a breezy night, which would help. It was cold for summer, not that the temperature bothered me. Diego caught Riley’s scent outside the house without trouble and then loped after it quickly while I trailed several yards back and about a hundred yards north, higher on the slope than he was. When the trees were real y thick, he’d rustle a trunk now and again so I wouldn’t lose him. We kept on, with him running and me impersonating a flying squirrel, for only fifteen minutes or so before I saw Diego slow down. We must have been getting close. I moved higher in the branches, looking for a tree with a good view. I scaled one that towered over its neighbors, and scanned the scene. Less than half a mile away was a large gap in the trees, an open field that covered several acres. Near the center of the space, closer to the trees on its east side, was what looked like an oversized gingerbread house. Painted bright pink, green, and white, it was elaborate to the point of ridiculousness, with fancy trim and finials on every conceivable edge. It was the kind of thing I would have laughed at in a more relaxed situation. Riley was nowhere in sight, but Diego had come to a complete stop below, so I assumed this was the end point of our pursuit. Maybe this was the replacement house Riley was preparing for when the big log cabin crumbled. Except that it was smal er than any o f the other houses we’d stayed in, and it didn’t look like it had a basement. And it was even farther away from Seattle than the last one. Diego looked up at me, and I signaled for him to join me. He nodded and retraced his trail a little ways. Then he made an enormous leap – I wondered if I could have jumped that high, even as young and strong as I was – and caught a branch about halfway up the closest tree. Unless someone was being extraordinarily vigilant, no one ever would have noticed that Diego’d made a side trip off his path. Even stil, he jumped around in the treetops, making sure his trail did not lead directly to mine. When he final y decided it was safe to join me, he took my hand right away. Silently, I nodded toward the gingerbread house. One corner of his mouth twitched. Simultaneously we started edging toward the east side of the house, keeping high up in the trees. We got as close as we dared – leaving a few trees as cover between the house and ourselves – and then sat silently, listening. The breeze turned helpful y gentle, and we could hear something. Strange little brushing, ticking sounds. At first I didn’t recognize what I was hearing, but then Diego twitched another little smile, puckered his lips, and silently kissed the air in my direction. Kissing didn’t sound the same with vampires as it did with humans. No soft, fleshy, liquid-fil ed cel s to squish against each other. Just stone lips, no give. I had heard one kiss between vampires before – Diego’s touch to my lips last night – but I never would have made the connection. It was so far from what I’d expected to find here. This knowledge spun everything around in my head. I had assumed Riley was going to see her, whether to receive instructions or bring her new recruits, I didn’t know. But I had never imagined stumbling across some kind of†¦ love nest. How could Riley kiss her? I shuddered and glanced at Diego. He looked faintly horrified, too, but he shrugged. I thought back to that last night of humanity, flinching as I remembered the vivid burning. I tried to recal the moments just before that, through al the fuzziness†¦. First there was the creeping fear that had built as Riley pul ed up to the dark house, the feeling of safety I’d had in the bright burger joint dissolving entirely. I was holding back, edging away, and then he’d grabbed my arm with a steel grip and yanked me out of the car like I was a dol, weightless. Terror and disbelief as he’d leaped the ten yards to the door. Terror and then pain leaving no room for disbelief as he broke my arm dragging me through the door into the black house. And then the voice. As I focused on the memory, I could hear it again. High and singsong, like a little girl’s, but grouchy. A child throwing a tantrum. I remembered what she’d said. â€Å"Why did you even bring this one? It’s too smal .† Something close to that, I thought. The words might not be exactly right, but that was the meaning. I was sure Riley had sounded eager to please when he answered, afraid of disappointing. â€Å"But she’s another body. Another distraction, at least.† I think I’d whimpered then, and he’d shaken me painful y, but he hadn’t spoken to me again. It was like I was a dog, not a person. â€Å"This whole night has been a waste,† the child’s voice had complained. â€Å"I’ve kil ed them al . Ugh!† I remembered that the house had shuddered then, as if a car had col ided with the frame. I realized now that she’d probably just kicked something in frustration. â€Å"Fine. I guess even a little one is better than nothing, if this is the best you can do. And I’m so ful now I should be able to stop.† Riley’s hard fingers had disappeared then and left me alone with the voice. I’d been too panicked at that point to make a sound. I’d just closed my eyes, though I was already total y blind in the darkness. I didn’t scream until something cut into my neck, burning like a blade coated in acid. I cringed back from the memory, trying to push the next part from my mind. Instead I concentrated on that short conversation. She hadn’t sounded like she was talking to her lover or even her friend. More like she was talking to an employee. One she didn’t like much and might fire soon. But the strange vampire kissing sounds continued. Someone sighed in contentment. I frowned at Diego. This exchange didn’t tel us much. How long did we need to stay? He just held his head on the side, listening careful y. And after a few more minutes of patience, the low, romantic sounds were suddenly interrupted. â€Å"How many?† The voice was muted by distance, but stil distinct. And recognizable. High, almost a tril . Like a spoiled young girl. â€Å"Twenty-two,† Riley answered, sounding proud. Diego and I exchanged a sharp glance. There were twenty-two of us, at last count, anyway. They must be talking about us. â€Å"I thought I’d lost two more to the sun, but one of my older kids is†¦ obedient,† Riley continued. There was almost an affectionate sound to his voice when he spoke of Diego as one of his kids. â€Å"He has an underground place – he hid himself with the younger one.† â€Å"Are you sure?† There was a long pause, this time with no sounds of romance. Even from this distance, I thought I could feel some tension. â€Å"Yeah. He’s a good kid, I’m sure.† Another strained pause. I didn’t understand her question. What did she mean, are you sure? Did she think he’d heard the story from someone else rather than seeing Diego for himself? â€Å"Twenty-two is good,† she mused, and the tension seemed to dissolve. â€Å"How is their behavior developing? Some of them are almost a year old. Do they stil fol ow the normal patterns?† â€Å"Yes,† Riley said. â€Å"Everything you told me to do worked flawlessly. They don’t think – they just do what they’ve always done. I can always distract them with thirst. It keeps them under control.† I frowned at Diego. Riley didn’t want us to think. Why? â€Å"You’ve done so wel ,† our creator cooed, and there was another kiss. â€Å"Twenty-two!† â€Å"Is it time?† Riley asked eagerly. Her answer came back fast, like a slap. â€Å"No! I haven’t decided when.† â€Å"I don’t understand.† â€Å"You don’t need to. It’s enough for you to know that our enemies have great powers. We cannot be too careful.† Her voice softened, turned sugary again. â€Å"But al twenty-two stil alive. Even with what they are capable of†¦ what good wil it be against twenty-two?† She let out a tinkling little laugh. Diego and I had not looked away from each other throughout al this, and I could see in his eyes now that his thoughts were the same as mine. Yes, we’d been created for a purpose, as we’d guessed. We had an enemy. Or, our creator had an enemy. Did the distinction matter? â€Å"Decisions, decisions,† she muttered. â€Å"Not yet. Maybe one more handful, just to be sure.† â€Å"Adding more might actual y decrease our numbers,† Riley cautioned hesitantly, as if being careful not to upset her. â€Å"It’s always unstable when a new group is introduced.† â€Å"True,† she agreed, and I imagined Riley sighing in relief that she was not upset. Abruptly Diego looked away from me, staring out across the meadow. I hadn’t heard any movement from the house, but maybe she had come out. My head whipped around at the same time the rest of me turned to a statue, and I saw what had startled Diego. Four figures were crossing the open field to the house. They had entered the clearing from the west, the point farthest from where we hid. They al wore long, dark cloaks with deep hoods, so at first I thought they were people. Weird people, but just humans al the same, because none of the vampires I knew had matching Goth clothes. And none moved in a way that was so smooth and control ed and†¦ elegant. But then I realized that none of the humans I’d ever seen could move that way, either, and what’s more, they couldn’t do it so quietly. The dark-cloaks skimmed across the long grass in absolute silence. So either these were vampires, or they were something else supernatural. Ghosts, maybe. But if they were vampires, they were vampires I didn’t know, and that meant they might very wel be these enemies she was talking about. If so, we should get the hel out of Dodge right now, because we didn’t have twenty other vampires on our side at the moment. I almost took off then, but I was too afraid to draw the attention of the cloaked figures. So I watched them move smoothly forward, noticing other things about them. How they stayed in a perfect diamond formation that never was the slightest bit out of line no matter how the terrain changed under their feet. How the one at the point of the diamond was much smal er than the others, and its cloak was darker, too. How they didn’t seem to be tracking their way in – not trying to fol ow the path of any scent. They simply knew their way. Maybe they were invited. They moved directly toward the house, and I felt like it might be safe to breathe again when they started silently up the steps toward the front door. They weren’t coming straight for Diego and me, at least. When they were out of sight, we could disappear into the sound of the next breeze through the trees, and they would never know we’d been here. I looked at Diego and twitched my head slightly toward the way we’d come. He narrowed his eyes and held up one finger. Oh great, he wanted to stay. I rol ed my eyes at him, though I was so afraid, I was surprised I was capable of sarcasm. We both looked back to the house. The cloaked things had let themselves in silently, but I realized that neither she nor Riley had spoken since we’d caught sight of the visitors. They must have heard something or known in some other way that they were in danger. â€Å"Don’t bother,† a very clear, monotone voice commanded lazily. It was not as high-pitched as our creator’s, but it stil sounded girlish to me. â€Å"I think you know who we are, so you must know that there is no point in trying to surprise us. Or hide from us. Or fight us. Or run.† A deep, masculine chuckle that did not belong to Riley echoed menacingly through the house. â€Å"Relax,† instructed the first inflectionless voice – the cloaked girl. Her voice had that distinctive ring that made me certain she was a vampire, not a ghost or any other kind of nightmare. â€Å"We’re not here to destroy you. Yet.† There was a moment of silence, and then some barely audible movements. A shifting of positions. â€Å"If you are not here to kil us, then†¦ what?† our creator asked, strained and shril . â€Å"We seek to know your intentions here. Specifical y, if they involve†¦ a certain local clan,† the cloaked girl explained. â€Å"We wonder if they have anything to do with the mayhem you’ve created here. Illegally created.† Diego and I frowned simultaneously. None of this made sense, but the last part was the weirdest. What could be il egal for vampires? What cop, what judge, what prison could have power over us? â€Å"Yes,† our creator hissed. â€Å"My plans are all about them. But we can’t move yet. It’s tricky.† A petulant note crept into her voice at the end. How to cite The Short Second Life of Bree Tanner Chapters 8, Essay examples

Employee Relations Policies

Question: Discuss about the Employee Relations Policies. Answer: Introduction: Employment relation can be explained as the term that is related to the development and maintenance of the relation between the employer and the employee. Employer needs to implement the practices in the organization that benefits the employee to maintain the relationship and so as to motivate the employees to perform (Gill Meyer, 2013). As per the case, it has been identified that the former owners of the company were not concerned about their employees and only concentrates on getting output from them for companys business. They were not even paying attention to the safety of the workers and this has made that place worse to work with. This suggests that companies need to implement some of the strategies that help the employee o stick to the company for longer time. Current situation analysis: After analyzing the case study, it has been observed that Top Trucking Company is doing very well with its business but at the same time employees of the company are not happy with this (Larsen Navrbjerg, 2015). The autocratic nature of the former manager of the company leads to high employee turnover. The autocratic yard manager believes in delegating the duties to the employees according to his own concern. Under his leadership, the employees were not allowed to share their views regarding any important decision taken in the company. The owners of the company were not making expenses on repairing and improving their infrastructure that results in increase in number of accidents at the factory site (Staniuliene, 2013). This is a big concern as it is related to the safety of an individual. Thus, the scenario has become very worse and the employees were continuously showing their dissatisfaction towards the companys management but no efforts were made from the companys side. After th e handover of ownership of the company, many changes have brought up in the processes that have made the companys situation better. Requirement of change: There are many drivers identified in the case that can drive the changes in the companys structure and management. The first element that drives the need for change in the company is the high dissatisfaction level of the employees in the company. Due to autocratic leadership of the former manager, the employees were very dissatisfied and declared that Top Trucking is the worst place to work (Karnes, 2009). The structure of the organization is such that it does not pay attention to the needs of the employees but the only concentration is on the performance at the organizational level. The management only wants to increase the output of the company. The employees can only work for shorter period under pressure but to retain them for longer period, the company has to implement changes that are in concern with the employees. It is also important to bring those changes gradually so that employees can adopt them easily. It is not only the management that has created mess in the organizatio n but the owners of the company has also not paid attention to the requirements and needs of the employees (Tansel S?aziye, 2014). Even the basic safety needs of the employee were not fulfilled at the time of family ownership. This irresponsible attitude towards the organization has resulted in accidents at the workplace and thus left the employees dissatisfied. Risk associated with sustaining the changes: It is easy to implement the change but it is difficult to sustain with those changes in the situation. As per the case, it has been observed that initially George and the new manger were not in the same line of thought about the changes implemented. But, the happy realization of George supported the manager as well as the employees to bring out the changes (Gennard, 2009). If the condition of arguments between George and manager was not sorted then it could have been a difficult task to implement those changes. The major risk associated with the changes is the strikes by the workers. As George is the union representative of the union of workers so he has the power and the potential to manipulate thinking of the workers towards the management. So, it was very important to convince and impress the union representative with the new changes. Changes and the new practices: Many changes have been observed in the organizational culture and practices after appointing the new managers as well as after shifting of the ownership. The new practices that have been implemented in the company are not only related to the organizational output but also to the individual output. The alignment of the strategies at individual and organizational level is the basis of this change. The company was bought by big national transport group and this has become the initiation of change implementation. The first change is done in consideration with the improvement in working environment (Branine, Ahmed, Otmane Mellahi, 2008). The new company has enough funds to repair the infrastructure of the company as well as to repair the trucks used by the workers. The efforts have been made by the company to clean the yards that provides a safe working environment to the employees. The company has issued new uniforms to the drivers. The implementation of such practices and efforts by th e company has created a sense of belongings among the employees. This feeling among the employees motivates them to work for the company. As per the case study, operations of the company are functioning very well, but these extra efforts in the benefit of the employees supports this functioning for longer period of time. The second change that has been implemented in the organization is related to the managerial approach (Ntalianis, Dyer Vandenberghe, 2015). The participative managerial approach has been followed by the new manager. This helps the employees to involve in the important decision making process. Under this managerial approach, the employees have the freedom to speak up their minds. The manager of the company does not take any decision to resolve the issues without concerning the relevant employees. The new manger never takes the decision on his own, but investigates about the issue and considers the call of every aspect before making any decision. This approach suppor ts the employees to grow at individual level. The basic need of the employees at workplace is their safety which was not a concern of the firmer manager and the owner of the company. The new owners of the company have made efforts to spend some of the amount in repairing of the trucks and the workplace so that the employees feel safe to work and deal with the machinery (Burns, 2012). With this, the management also initiated the culture of providing training to the employees at general and technical level. This supports the employees engage in the workplace functioning with interest as they are getting the chance to develop their skills as individual level as well. The alignment of the strategies at individual and organizational level helps the organization to achieve its goals. The employees also feel that they are the part of the company and try to work with full zeal and efforts (Gennard Judge, 2010). How these practices complement each other: All the new practices from participative approach to health and safety complement each other in one of the other way. This is because all the new changes that have been implemented in the organization are related to development and maintenance of the employee relations. It has been analyzed that the new practices of the organization has provided positive results for the organization as well as for employees. Issuing of new uniform and installation of compute system is done in order to create a fresh and motivating environment at the workplace. As the new computer system has installed, so it require the organization to provide training to the employees that helps in development of the employees at individual level. Introduction of participative managerial approach has also been done to motivate the employees and to create the feeling of sense of belongingness amongst them, so, it has been concluded that all the practices that has been implemented are in complement with each other. What is Union Union is the group of employees in the organization that work under a particular department. Every union has a union representative that led the union and act as the mediator between the employer and the employees. The practice of unions helps the organization to communicate with the employees easily (Giuliani Kurson, 2007). Transport worker union: Transport workers union is the union of the blue collared employees that works under the jobs such as machinery work, factory work, labor etc. (Rollo, 2009). These unions are not that much educated and thus do not have the knowledge to provide their opinions at the management level. Therefore, their involvement in the workplace changes is less. They have low economic background and thus they themselves are interested only with the practices that affect their wages and salaries. Therefore, the involvement of transport unions in the workplace changes decision is too less than sector unions. Public sector union: These unions are related to the jobs at service level. These employees that constitute the public sector union are educated and have the skills to involve at the management level. They are more involved in making decision for workplace changes because they have the relevant knowledge and the skills (Bratton, 2017). They are the people with professional degrees and qualification and this makes them eligible to involve in the workplace changes decisions. The management also considers the service sector union to provide their views because according to the company also, the unions or the employees have the best of their knowledge of their fields. Conclusion: To conclude, it can be said that employee relation is very important for a company. The company should always try to come up with new ideas and strategies to motivate the employees in organization. This is because maintaining the relation with the employees helps the employees to develop their skills and thus help the organization to achieve their objectives (Aguinis, 2014). According to the above analysis, it has been identified that the approach of managers plays a very important part in maintaining relationship with the employees. The correct approach by the new manager in the above case has helped the employees to develop themselves and retain them in the organization. This is very important for long-term success of the organization to retain its employees and also to satisfy them with the working environment and the policies. References: Aguinis, H. (2014).Performance management. Boston: Pearson Education Limited. Branine, M., Ahmed, F., Otmane, F. Mellahi, K.(2008). 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